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| Asunto: | [CeHuNews] 205/03 - Geography of Mongolia | | Fecha: | Viernes, 27 de Junio, 2003 05:21:45 (-0300) | | Autor: | Humboldt <humboldt @............ar>
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Dulces
CeHuNews205/03
GEOGRAPHY OF
MONGOLIA
|
|
Background: |
The Mongols
entered history in the 13th century when under GENGHIS KHAN they
conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was
divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart
in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their
original steppe homelands and came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won
its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was
installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its
monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which
defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Over the next four
years the DUC put forward a number of key reforms to modernize the
economy and democratize the political system. However, the former
Communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional
restructuring and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP
won an overwhelming victory in the legislature - with 72 of the 76
seats - and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues
many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare
and public order priorities. |
|
Location: |
Northern Asia,
between China and Russia |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
46 00 N, 105 00
E |
|
Map references: |
Asia |
|
Area: |
total:
1.565 million sq km
water: 9,600 sq km
land:
1,555,400 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly
smaller than Alaska |
|
Land boundaries: |
total:
8,162 km
border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,485
km |
|
Coastline: |
0 km
(landlocked) |
|
Maritime claims: |
none
(landlocked) |
|
Climate: |
desert;
continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) |
|
Terrain: |
vast semidesert
and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest;
Gobi Desert in south-central |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest
point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin
Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m |
|
Natural resources: |
oil, coal,
copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate |
|
Land use: |
arable
land: 0.84%
permanent crops: 0%
other:
99.16% (1998 est.) |
|
Irrigated land: |
840 sq km (1998
est.) |
|
Natural hazards: |
dust storms,
grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud", which is harsh
winter conditions |
|
Environment - current issues: |
limited natural
fresh water resources in some areas; policies of the former
Communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth
have raised concerns about their negative effects on the
environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack
of enforcement of environmental laws have severely polluted the air
in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin
land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from
wind and rain; desertification and mining activities have also had a
deleterious effect on the environment |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
|
Geography - note: |
landlocked;
strategic location between China and Russia |
|
Population: |
2,694,432 (July 2002 est.) |
|
Age structure: |
0-14
years: 32% (male 438,176; female 422,960)
15-64
years: 64.1% (male 864,033; female 865,172)
65 years and
over: 3.9% (male 45,080; female 59,011) (2002 est.) |
|
Population growth rate: |
1.48% (2002
est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
21.8
births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
7.01
deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
0
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65
years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population:
1 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
51.97
deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 64.62 years
female: 66.87 years (2002
est.)
male: 62.47 years |
|
Total fertility rate: |
2.37 children
born/woman (2002 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
less than 0.01%
(1999 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
less than 100
(1999 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
NA |
|
Nationality: |
noun:
Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Mongol
(predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest
group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4%
(1998) |
|
Religions: |
Tibetan
Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest),
Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998) |
|
Languages: |
Khalkha Mongol
90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can
read and write
total population: 97.8%
male:
98%
female: 97.5% (2000) |
|
Country name: |
conventional
long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer
Mongolia
local long form: none |
|
Government type: |
parliamentary
|
|
Capital: |
Ulaanbaatar
|
|
Administrative divisions: |
21 provinces
(aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay,
Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi,
Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol,
Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*,
Uvs |
|
Independence: |
11 July 1921
(from China) |
|
National holiday: |
Independence
Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) |
|
Constitution: |
12 February
1992 |
|
Legal system: |
blend of
Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines
aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a
presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of
age; universal |
|
Executive branch: |
chief of
state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR
(since 26 July 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the
State Great Hural in consultation with the president
elections: president nominated by parties in the State
Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005);
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State
Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected
president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%,
Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM
(CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister
by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3 |
|
Legislative branch: |
unicameral
State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2 July 2000
(next to be held NA July 2004)
election results: percent
of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4 |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court
(serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but
rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by
the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Citizens' Will
Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party)
[Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN];
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR];
Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT];
Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]
note:
the MPRP is the ruling party |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
|
International organization participation: |
ARF (dialogue
partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, CP (provisional), EBRD,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR
chancery:
2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
consulate(s)
general: New York
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador John DINGER
embassy: inner
northeast part of the Big Ring Road, just west of the Selbe Gol,
Ulaanbaatar
mailing address: United States Embassy in
Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP
96521-0002
telephone: [976] (11) 329095
FAX:
[976] (11) 320776 |
|
Flag description: |
three equal,
vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the
hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a
columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for
fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
|
|
Economy - overview: |
Economic
activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of
livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper,
coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part
of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third
of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the
dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession,
prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP)
reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic
Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing
price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and
attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector.
Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as
the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of
the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks.
Reform was held back by the ex-Communist MPRP opposition and by the
political instability brought about through four successive
governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after
stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines
in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September
1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports
of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this
sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997.
The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year
at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June
1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to
improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy
burden of external debt. Falling prices for Mongolia's mainly
primary sector exports, widespread opposition to privatization, and
adverse effects of weather on agriculture in early 2000 and 2001
restrained real GDP growth in 2000-01. |
|
GDP: |
purchasing
power parity - $4.7 billion (2001 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
2.4% (2001
est.) |
|
GDP - per capita: |
purchasing
power parity - $1,770 (2001 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 32%
industry: 30%
services: 38% (2000 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
36% (2001 est.)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest
10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25% (1995) (1995) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini
index: |
33 (1995)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
11.8% (2000
est.) |
|
Labor force: |
1.4 million
(2000) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
primarily
herding/agricultural |
|
Unemployment rate: |
20% (2000)
|
|
Budget: |
revenues: $262 million
expenditures: $328 million, including capital
expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
|
Industries: |
construction
materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold);
oil; food and beverages, processing of animal products |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
2.4% (2000
est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
2.77 billion
kWh (2000) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil
fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0% |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
2.732 billion
kWh (2000) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
25 million kWh
(2000) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
181 million kWh
(2000) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
wheat, barley,
potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses |
|
Exports: |
$466.1 million
f.o.b. (2000) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
copper,
livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other
nonferrous metals |
|
Exports - partners: |
China 59%, US
20%, Russia 10%, Japan 2% (2000) |
|
Imports: |
$614.5 million
c.i.f. (2000) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery and
equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea |
|
Imports - partners: |
Russia 34%,
China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 9%, US 4% (2000) |
|
Debt - external: |
$760 million
(2000 est.) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$208.7 million
(1999 est.) |
|
Currency: |
togrog/tugrik
(MNT) |
|
Currency code: |
MNT |
|
Exchange rates: |
togrogs/tugriks
per US dollar - 1,101.29 (December 2001), 1,097.70 (2001), 1,076.67
(2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997) |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
104,100 (1999)
|
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
110,000 (2001)
|
|
Telephone system: |
general
assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each
thousand persons
domestic: NA
international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
|
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) |
|
Radios: |
155,900 (1999)
|
|
Television broadcast stations: |
4 (plus 18
provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999) |
|
Televisions: |
168,800 (1999)
|
|
Internet country code: |
.mn |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
5 (2001) |
|
Internet users: |
40,000 (2002) |
|
Railways: |
1,815 km
broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001) |
|
Highways: |
total: 3,387 km
paved: 1,563 km
note: there are also 45,862 km of rural roads that
consist of rough, unimproved, cross-country tracks (2000)
unpaved: 1,824 km |
|
Waterways: |
400 km (1999) |
|
Ports and harbors: |
none |
|
Airports: |
34 (2001)
|
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
under 914 m: 1 (2002)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total:
26
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 5 (2002) |
|
Military branches: |
Mongolian Armed
Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces,
Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of
Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime |
|
Military manpower - military age: |
18 years of age (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49: 772,619 (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military
service: |
males age 15-49: 501,493 (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually: |
males: 30,230 (2002 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$24.3 million
(FY01) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
2.5% (FY01) |
|
Disputes - international: |
none
| | |
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