Jamaica

Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence and a dropoff in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Subsequent governments have been open market oriented. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s.

Geography

Jamaica

Location:	Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba
Geographic coordinates:	18 15 N, 77 30 W
Map references:	Central America and the Caribbean
Area:	total: 10,991 sq km land: 10,831 sq km water: 160 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Connecticut
Land boundaries:	0 km
Coastline:	1,022 km
Maritime claims:	measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to edge of the continental margin contiguous zone: 24 NM
Climate:	tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Terrain:	mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m
Natural resources:	bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Land use:	arable land: 16.07% permanent crops: 9.23% other: 74.7% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:	250 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	hurricanes (especially July to November)
Environment - current issues:	heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:	strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

People

Population:	2,680,029 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 29.1% (male 399,249; female 380,864) 15-64 years: 64.1% (male 858,433; female 859,174) 65 years and over: 6.8% (male 81,321; female 100,988) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate:	0.56% (2002 est.)
Birth rate:	17.74 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate:	5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate:	-6.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	13.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 75.64 years female: 77.73 years (2002 est.) male: 73.65 years
Total fertility rate:	2.05 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.71% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	9,900 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	650 (1999 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Jamaican(s) adjective: Jamaican
Ethnic groups:	black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Religions:	Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%, Anglican 5.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist 2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other, including some spiritual cults 34.7%
Languages:	English, patois English
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school total population: 85% male: 80.8% female: 89.1% (1995 est.)

Government

Country name:	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jamaica
Government type:	constitutional parliamentary democracy
Capital:	Kingston
Administrative divisions:	14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
Independence:	6 August 1962 (from UK)
National holiday:	Independence Day, first Monday in August (1962)
Constitution:	6 August 1962
Legal system:	based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991) head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA 1993) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime minister
Legislative branch:	bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%; seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:	Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
International organization participation:	ACP, C, Caricom, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Seymour MULLINGS consulate(s) general: Miami and New York FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081 telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660 chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Sue McCourt COBB embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, Kingston 5 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859 FAX: [1] (876) 926-6743
Flag description:	diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

Economy

Economy - overview:	The economy, which depends heavily on tourism and bauxite, has been stagnant since 1995. After five years of recession, the economy grew 0.8% in 2000 and 1.1% in 2001, but the global economic slowdown, particularly in the United States after the 11 September terrorist attacks, has stunted the economic recovery. Serious problems include: high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate; a widening merchandise trade deficit; and a growing internal debt, the result of government bailouts to various ailing sectors of the economy, particularly the financial sector. Depressed economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including a mounting crime rate. Jamaica's medium-term prospects will depend upon encouraging investment, maintaining a competitive exchange rate, selling off reacquired firms, and implementing proper fiscal and monetary policies.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $9.8 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	1.1% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 7% industry: 28% services: 65% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line:	34% (1992 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 29% (1996) (1996)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	36 (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	6.9% (2001 est.)
Labor force:	1.13 million (1998) (1998)
Labor force - by occupation:	services 60%, agriculture 21%, industry 19% (1998) (1998)
Unemployment rate:	16% (2000 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $2.23 billion expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of $232.5 million
Industries:	tourism, bauxite, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products
Industrial production growth rate:	-2% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production:	6.74 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source:	fossil fuel: 89% hydro: 3% other: 7% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:	6.27 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products:	sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables; poultry, goats, milk
Exports:	$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities:	alumina, bauxite; sugar, bananas, rum
Exports - partners:	US 35.7%, EU (excluding UK) 15.9%, UK 13%, Canada 10.5% (1999)
Imports:	$3.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities:	machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, fuel, food, chemicals, fertilizers
Imports - partners:	US 47.8%, Caricom countries 12.4%, Latin America 7.2%, EU (excluding UK) 4.7% (1999)
Debt - external:	$5.2 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:	$102.7 million (1995) (1995)
Currency:	Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Currency code:	JMD
Exchange rates:	Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 47.277 (December 2001), 45.996 (2001), 42.701 (2000), 39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997)
Fiscal year:	1 April - 31 March

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:	353,000 (1996)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	54,640 (1996)
Telephone system:	general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network domestic: NA international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios:	1.215 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:	7 (1997)
Televisions:	460,000 (1997)
Internet country code:	.jm
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):	21 (2000)
Internet users:	100,000 (2002)

Transportation

Railways:	total: 272 km standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge; note - 207 km, belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation, were in common carrier service but are no longer operational; the remaining track is privately owned and used to transport bauxite (2000)
Highways:	total: 19,000 km paved: 13,433 km unpaved: 5,567 km (1997)
Waterways:	none
Pipelines:	petroleum products 10 km
Ports and harbors:	Alligator Pond, Discovery Bay, Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port Antonio, Rocky Point, Port Esquivel (Longswharf)
Merchant marine:	total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,954 GRT/25,250 DWT ships by type: petroleum tanker 1, includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Latvia 2, United States 2 (2002 est.)
Airports:	35 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 5 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 22 (2002)

Military

Military branches:	Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary Force
Military manpower - military age:	18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 15-49: 747,043 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 15-49: 523,550 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 27,729 (2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$30 million (FY95/96 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	NA%

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:	none
Illicit drugs:	major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions www.cia.gov